Brake pads clamp against rotors to convert kinetic energy into heat — the primary friction element in a disc brake system.
Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder pushes caliper pistons that squeeze pad friction material against the spinning rotor.
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Replacement runs $150–$450 including parts and 0.8-1.5 hours labor. Exact cost depends on vehicle, parts tier (OEM vs aftermarket), and local labor rate.
Expected lifespan is 30,000-70,000 miles (city) / 50,000-80,000 (highway). Driving conditions, climate, and maintenance affect real-world life.
Squealing wear indicator; Grinding noise; Soft or low brake pedal; Pulling to one side; Brake-pedal pulsation; Visible pad thickness under 3 mm.
Most modern brake padss are sealed units that get replaced rather than rebuilt. A shop will diagnose, confirm with a load or output test, then swap the unit and verify operation.